Fireworks Corroborated
Daily PM2.5 peaked at 61.8 µg/m³ near Cleveland across 2 covered metros home to 3.3 million people. 2 metros placed a top-ten day in their record.
Counting the extra PM2.5 above each metro's typical day, this event handed the average affected resident ≈ 2.2 cigarettes. Across everyone living in the affected metros, that is the collective equivalent of ≈ 7.5 million cigarettes. An awareness illustration of outdoor exposure at 22 µg/m³ per cigarette (Berkeley Earth), counting only the event's ranked days; not a medical dose.
Why we think this happened
Supplied qualified evidence supports fireworks as the root cause. The grouping includes only events linked by explicit shared episode evidence; otherwise this remains a single-event episode.
Corroborated Independent reporting agrees on the cause, with no agency determination, monitor flag, or published assessment behind it.
WBFO / Buffalo Toronto Public Media · Jul 5, 2020 corroborates
The opened Buffalo report quotes a National Weather Service meteorologist explaining that smoke from extensive neighborhood fireworks became trapped and created early-morning haze and a burning odor. It supports fireworks for the Buffalo member but does not establish the Cleveland member or quantify PM2.5 contribution.
See every retained source and limitation ↓
Sequence: Cleveland (Jul 5) → Buffalo (Jul 5)
Evidence path
A cause is more convincing when the record connects three things: something happened, the air mass moved toward the region, and local instruments responded. Here is how much of that chain is documented for this event.
Source or mechanism
The opened Buffalo report quotes a National Weather Service meteorologist explaining that smoke from extensive neighborhood fireworks became trapped and created early-morning haze and a burning odor. It supports fireworks for the Buffalo member but…
View supporting source ↗Air-mass movement
The retained record does not yet show how air traveled from the proposed source to these metros. A trajectory replay or dated plume analysis belongs here.
Local response
EPA monitors recorded the event across 2 metros. The peak daily concentration is roughly 2.8 cigarette-equivalents at the outdoor daily rate.
Inspect the pollutant and weather signals ↓Event autopsy
Before, during, and after the episode: nearby pollutant monitors and surface-weather stations show what changed. This context tests the “Fireworks” explanation; it does not assign the cause by itself.
Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY
Monitor comparison window 2020-07-02 to 2020-07-08 · PM2.5 target: AMHERST
226% above nearby days
63% higher than surrounding days
226% higher than surrounding days
63% higher than surrounding days
8% higher than surrounding days
123% higher than surrounding days
About the same as surrounding days
Cleveland-Elyria, OH
Monitor comparison window 2020-07-02 to 2020-07-08 · PM2.5 target: Barr School
292% above nearby days
9% lower than surrounding days
20% higher than surrounding days
292% higher than surrounding days
20% higher than surrounding days
29% higher than surrounding days
27% lower than surrounding days
6% higher than surrounding days
26% lower than surrounding days
9% lower than surrounding days
About the same as surrounding days
9% lower than surrounding days
Source: U.S. EPA AirData daily observations and, where available, nearby ASOS/AWOS surface observations. Values are descriptive medians over the retained monitor set; missing measurements remain missing. Transport and source evidence remain separate layers because this instrument pattern does not assign a cause by itself.
Episode peak
-- cigarettes
The smoke map's scale, replayed over this event: the surface interpolates between covered metros' daily records, framed to the affected region. Hover for a reading, click a metro to pin it to the card. Days a monitor did not report draw nothing.
Views from the selected metro
Select a metro on the map to see nearby cameras. Where an operator archive reaches the event, drag the divider to compare two moments, adjust either date and time, or play the available event-day frames. Camera imagery is visual context, not an air-quality measurement or proof of smoke.
No useful public camera views are currently available within 80 km of this metro.
| Metro | Peak PM2.5 | Cigarettes, whole event | Peak day | All-time standing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cleveland-Elyria, OH | 61.8 µg/m³ | 2.8 | Jul 5, 2020 | #9 of its top days |
| Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY | 58.1 µg/m³ | 2.6 | Jul 5, 2020 | #3 of its top days |
"Cigarettes, whole event" totals a metro's ranked event days at 22 µg/m³ per cigarette: what a person outdoors there breathed across the event, as the illustration. "All-time standing" is where this episode's days sit in each metro's ranked record (worst-area measure, since 1999). Full local context is on each metro's Air Records page.
Public evidence library
Each card states what a source supports—and what it does not. Official records, research, reporting, community observations, and transparent inferences remain visibly different kinds of evidence.
Smoke from fireworks creates early morning haze
The opened Buffalo report quotes a National Weather Service meteorologist explaining that smoke from extensive neighborhood fireworks became trapped and created early-morning haze and a burning odor. It supports fireworks for the Buffalo member but does not establish the Cleveland member or quantify PM2.5 contribution.
Corroborated Independent reporting agrees on the cause, with no agency determination, monitor flag, or published assessment behind it.
This episode was grouped from the monitor record by the catalog pipeline and given its cause from the evidence listed above. It has not been individually reviewed and signed off, so its boundaries, cause, and name may change as evidence accumulates. Grouping policy common_sense_root_cause_grouping.v2. The cause label reflects the assembled evidence above, not an IAQng detection formula. If it is wrong, tell us.